‏תּוּר‎ Word study on the hebrew word for to peep through, to keep a look out with HALOT, WSOTDICT, STGHD

  תור: MHeb. to peep through (Dalman Wörterbuch 440a), DSS (Kuhn Konkordanz 232): 1QH iv:15 to keep a look out; Dam. ii:16 to pursue thoughts; iii:11 to strive after; Samaritan to see > to understand; on the development of the meaning cf. LOT 3/2, p. 154; cf. CPArm. tʾr (see Schulthess Gramm. 217), and BibHeb. בין.

  ? Ug.: a) ytr (Dietrich-Loretz-Sanmartin Texte 1, 6:vi:54 = Gibson Myths2 p. 81 line 52); b) tr (Dietrich-Loretz-Sanmartin Texte 1, 10:ii:11 = Gibson Myths2 p. 132); according to Caquot Textes Ougaritiques 270o and 283m both (a and b) correspond to Heb. תור; but that is completely uncertain for on both occasions other suggestions are mentioned by Caquot; for both a and b the root *נתר (→ II נתר) comes into question; for a see Aistleitner Wb. 1873; and for b see Dijkstra-de Moor UF 7 (1975) 191, with other examples of the same word.

  Akk. târu(m) to turn around, turn back, do again (AHw. 1332ff); cf. the other verbs of motion of the same phonetic class (mediae wāw) with the same meaning: Heb. שׁוב; Arb. ʿāda; OSArb. ʿwd corresponding to Eth. ʿōda; ? OSArb. sbst. twrt protective forces Müller ZAW 75 (1963) 316.

  Perhaps another root comparable with תור is *tʾr; for instances in the corresponding languages see I תאר; for Eth. cf. Leslau Contributions 55; Arb. I tāra to go around something, IV to repeat, see G.W. Freytag Lexicon Arabico-Latinum 1 (1833) 204a; see still further Gray Kings3 265 to go in and out, with the meaning to act as mediator.

  qal: pf. תַּרְתִּי, תָּרוּ, תַּרְתֶּם; impf. יְתוּר Jb 39:8 (see below cj. under d), (וַ)יָּתֻרוּ, תָּתֻרוּ; inf. cstr. (לָ)תוּר; pt. pl. תָּרִים.

  —1. a) with acc. of the thing, to spy out, reconnoitre, on which see Volkmar Fritz Israel in der Wüste (Marburger Theologische Studien 7; 1970) 15; Martin Rose Deuteronomist und Jahwist, Untersuchungen zu den Berührungen beider Literaturwerke (ATANT 67; 1981) 274; obj. אֶרֶץ: Nu 13:2.16f, 21, 25, 32 14:6f, 34, 36, 38 Ezk 20:6; מָקוֹם Dt 1:33, מְנוּחָה Nu 10:33.

  —b) with אַחֲרֵי to follow the leading of your heart and your eyes Nu 15:39, cf. Noth Nu. (ATD 7) 101.

  —c) abs. α) to seek out, discover Qoh 1:13 (with עַל concerning) 7:25, so e.g. KBL, but on both occasions it can also be translated (remaining closer to 1a) as to peer at; so Zimmerli ATD 16/13 (1980) 149f. 208; β) תַּרְתִּי בְלִבִּי I searched in my heart Qoh 2:3, on this meaning of the vb. cf. CPArm. *tʾr to look at, consider, observe (→ I תאר).

  —d) cj.: α) Jb 39:8 pr. יְתוּר prop. with Theodotion, Tg., Vulg. יָתוּר (BHK): it (the wild ass) glimpses the mountains, its pastureland; on this cf. Fohrer KAT 16: 489, 493; ZüB; TOB; also Pope Job 307, who maintains however that יְתוּר is an Aramaising form :: Gerleman in M.A. Beek Fschr. 74, who takes יְתוּר as a sbst., and translates: its pastureland is the prominent slopes of the mountains, i.e. the ledges on the cliffs; but the interpretation of the sbst. is questionable, since in Tg. Job ויבחר corresponds to יְתוּר, see Jongeling-Labuschagne-van der Woude Aramaic Texts from Qumran (Semitic Study Series 4, vol. 1 (1976) 62; Beyer Arm. 296, 529; β) 1C 17:17b pr. MT וּרְאִיתַנִי כְתוֹר הָאָדָם הַמַּעֲלָה prop. וַתַּרְאֵנִי מִתּוּר הָאָדָם הָעֹלָם and you have allowed me to see the future more than other people can fathom, so Rudolph Chr. 130, 131; see also BHS :: Thomas Willi Die Chronik als Auslegung (FRLANT 106; 1972) 154: וּרְאִיתַנִי/וַתַּרְאֵנִי בְתוֹךְ הָאָדָם וַתַּעֲלֵנִי you looked me out in the middle of the human race and raised me up, בְּתוֹךְ pr. כְּתוֹר following ten mss., and וַתַּעֲלֵנִי pr. הַמַּעֲלָה following Sept. καὶ ὕψωσάς με.

  —2. תָּרִים 1K 10:15 = 2C 9:14: a) pt. pl. from the sg. *תָּר. Within the context (linked with רֹכְלִים) the sbst. means merchants, traders, but this may not be derived from the vb. תור with certainty, on which see Noth Könige 204, 229; Gray Kings3 265, and also Legacy2 215; Würthwein ATD 11/1: 122. Gray Kings3 265 has suggested that perhaps it comes from Arb. tāra IV to go out (on which see above), and if so it would appear possible to link תור and *תָּר with one another, taking the basic meaning of the vb. as to travel about; on this see KBL Supplement 224a; also Wolfram Hermann ZAW 91 (1979) 33426.

  —b) cj.: α) pr. מֵאַנְשֵׁי הַתָּרִים from the traders (Gesenius-Buhl Handw.) prop. with Sept. מֵעָנְשֵׁי הַתָּרִים apart from the taxes imposed by the merchants (traders); β) pr. הַתָּרִים prop. הַתַּגָּרִים, see MHeb. תַגָּר merchant (Dalman Wörterbuch 438b), so BHS on 2C 9:14, and Rudolph Chr. 222; γ) pr. מֵאַנְשֵׁי הַתַּרִים prop. מֵאֳנִי תַרְשִׁישׁ; so (following Expository Times 42: 439) KBL on 1K 10:15 and 2C 9:14; BHS on 1K 10:15; 2C 9:14 is taken differently; δ) of these cj. the first (α) has probably most to support it, but the second (β) should not be rejected altogether; the third (γ) is far removed from both of them. †

  hif: impf. יָתֵר Pr 12:26, וַיָּתִירוּ: with בְּ to cause to spy out Ju 1:23; on which see also A. Malamat in Encyclopaedia Judaica, Year Book (1975/76) 170 with note 16 on p. 181: וַיָּתִירוּ they have arranged for a reconnaissance to be made; תור hif: to send out for intelligence information before a (military) operation.

  Pr 12:26 cj. pr. יָתֵר מֵרֵעֵהוּ צַדִּיק prop.: a) יָתוּר מִרְעֵהוּ צַדִּיק his pasture catches sight of righteousness; or b) יָסֻר מֵרָעָה צַדִּיק there is a turning from evil to righteousness, so BHS and Plöger BK 17: 146, 147; c) both a and b should be taken as possible solutions.

  At the end of the entry for תור in KBL there is a reference to וָאֶתַּר (נתר) 2S 22:33. That has been considered already in HAL 695b (HALOT 736b) II נתר qal 2, with the translation to leap away, cj. 2S 22:33 and Ps 18:33 (rd. דַּרְכִּי Q). The instances are imprecise and unclear: a) 2S 22:33 MT וַיַּתֵּר and Q דַּרְכִּי; b) Ps 18:33 MT וַיִּתֵּן דַּרְכִּי. It should be noted that the difference in the wording has to be explained, and in this connection there exists no reason for departing from MT וַיַּתֵּר in 2S 22:33. This leads to a translation such as, e.g. Hertzberg ATD 102 321: and he gave me free access to the path without reproach. Compared with that וַיִּתֵּן in Ps 18:33 eases the difficulty. The translation mentioned previously in HAL (HALOT) of II נתר to leap away (see above) remains dubious.

DSS Dead Sea Scrolls; → Dam.; DJD; Kuhn Konkordanz

Dam. Damascus Document; ed. L. Rost, Berlin 1935; S. Zeitlin, Philadelphia, 1952; → Lohse Texte; Maier Texte; Rabin Zad.

> develops into

cf. confer, comparable with

LOT → Ben Hayyim Lit. Or.

cf. confer, comparable with

CPArm. Christian Palestinian Aramaic; → Schulthess Gramm.

Ug. Ugaritic

= the same as

= the same as

* hypothetical form

→ see further

Akk. Akkadian; often followed by references to AHw. or CAD

AHw. → von Soden AHw.

cf. confer, comparable with

Arb. Arabic; → Lane Lexicon; Lisān; Tāj ʿAr.; Wehr Wörterbuch; WKAS

OSArb. Old South Arabian including Min.; Himyr.; Qatab.; Sab.; Hadr.; → Conti Chrest.; Müller Altsüdarab.; Höfner Altsüdarab.

Eth. Ethiopic, including Geʿez; Amh.; Har.; Tigr.; Tigrin; → Dillmann; Leslau; Littmann; Ullendorff; Eth.G: Geʿez; → Bergsträsser Einführung 96ff; Brockelmann Vergl. Gr. 1:30

OSArb. Old South Arabian including Min.; Himyr.; Qatab.; Sab.; Hadr.; → Conti Chrest.; Müller Altsüdarab.; Höfner Altsüdarab.

sbst. substantive

ZAW Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

* hypothetical form

Eth. Ethiopic, including Geʿez; Amh.; Har.; Tigr.; Tigrin; → Dillmann; Leslau; Littmann; Ullendorff; Eth.G: Geʿez; → Bergsträsser Einführung 96ff; Brockelmann Vergl. Gr. 1:30

cf. confer, comparable with

Arb. Arabic; → Lane Lexicon; Lisān; Tāj ʿAr.; Wehr Wörterbuch; WKAS

impf. imperfect

cj. conjectural reading

inf. infinitive

cstr. construct state of a noun

acc. accusative case

ATANT Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments, Zürich

cf. confer, comparable with

ATD Das Alte Testament Deutsch, Göttingen

abs. absolute usage of a word; absolute state of a noun

KBL → Koehler-B. Lexicon

ATD Das Alte Testament Deutsch, Göttingen

cf. confer, comparable with

CPArm. Christian Palestinian Aramaic; → Schulthess Gramm.

* hypothetical form

→ see further

cj. conjectural reading

Tg. Targum; Würthwein Text 80ff (fourth ed.); Sperber Bible in Aramaic

Vulg. Vulgata; Biblia Sacra Iuxta Latinam Vulgatam Versionem, ed. R. Weber, Stuttgart 1969; Biblia Sacra Iuxta Vulgatam Clemintinam, Rome 1956

BHK Biblia Hebraica (third ed. by R. Kittel) 

cf. confer, comparable with

KAT Kommentar zum Alten Testament, Leipzig and Gütersloh

TOB Traduction oecuménique de la Bible 1975 (first volume)

:: in contrast with

sbst. substantive

sbst. substantive

Tg. Targum; Würthwein Text 80ff (fourth ed.); Sperber Bible in Aramaic

vol. volume

Arm. Aramaic

BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Stuttgart 1968–

:: in contrast with

FRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments, Göttingen

Sept. Septuagint; → Swete Septuagint, Göttingen Edition 1936ff; Rahlfs Sept.; Brooke-M. OT in Greek; SeptA → BHS Prolegomena p. iv; Würthwein Text 75f (fourth ed.); SeptRa → Rahlfs Septuaginta

= the same as

* hypothetical form

sbst. substantive

ATD Das Alte Testament Deutsch, Göttingen

Arb. Arabic; → Lane Lexicon; Lisān; Tāj ʿAr.; Wehr Wörterbuch; WKAS

* hypothetical form

KBL → Koehler-B. Lexicon

ZAW Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

cj. conjectural reading

Sept. Septuagint; → Swete Septuagint, Göttingen Edition 1936ff; Rahlfs Sept.; Brooke-M. OT in Greek; SeptA → BHS Prolegomena p. iv; Würthwein Text 75f (fourth ed.); SeptRa → Rahlfs Septuaginta

BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Stuttgart 1968–

KBL → Koehler-B. Lexicon

BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Stuttgart 1968–

cj. conjectural reading

† every Biblical reference quoted

impf. imperfect

cj. conjectural reading

BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, Stuttgart 1968–

KBL → Koehler-B. Lexicon

HAL → Koehler-Baumgartner-Stamm Lexicon

cj. conjectural reading

rd. to be read as

Q qerē (:: K); → Meyer Gramm. §17.2; Würthwein Text 19f; for Qumran cf. DJD and Lohse Texte p. x for abbreviations in particular texts

Q qerē (:: K); → Meyer Gramm. §17.2; Würthwein Text 19f; for Qumran cf. DJD and Lohse Texte p. x for abbreviations in particular texts

ATD Das Alte Testament Deutsch, Göttingen

HAL → Koehler-Baumgartner-Stamm Lexicon

Ludwig Koehler et al., The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994–2000), 1707–1709.

8446. תּוּר tûr: A verb meaning to explore; to seek out; to spy out. It refers to going into a land or country to search it out, e.g., Canaan (Num. 10:33; 13:2, 16, 17, 21, 25, 32; 14:6, 7, 34, 36, 38). It depicts persons following their own hearts or desires, seeking them out to pursue them rather than the Lord’s will (Num. 15:39). It refers to merchants, those who seek out wares (1 Kgs. 10:15; 2 Chr. 9:14). It is used of the instincts and inclinations of an animal to search out its habitat (Job 39:8). It refers to a person serving as a guide who explores the way for others (Prov. 12:26). It is used figuratively of exploring and investigating wisdom and its ways (Eccl. 1:13; 2:3; 7:25). It refers to the Lord’s previous exploration (NASB selection) of the land of Canaan before giving it to His people (Ezek. 20:6).

e.g. (for example)

NASB (New American Standard Bible)

Warren Baker and Eugene E. Carpenter, The Complete Word Study Dictionary: Old Testament (Chattanooga, TN: AMG Publishers, 2003), 1219.

Hebrew Strong’s Number: 8446

Hebrew Word: תּוּר

Transliteration: tûr

Phonetic Pronunciation: toor

Root: a primitive root

Cross Reference: TWOT - 2500

Part of Speech: v

Vine’s Words: None

Usage Notes:

English Words used in KJV:

    search 11

    search out 3

    spy out 2

    seek 2

    chapmen + <H582> 1

    descry 1

    espied 1

    excellent 1

    merchantmen + <H582> 1

    [Total Count: 23]

a primitive root; to meander (causative guide) about, especially for trade or reconnoitring:- chap [-man], sent to descry, be excellent, merchant [-man], search (out), seek, (e-) spy (out).

TWOT Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament Hebrew

v Verb Hebrew / Greek

James Strong, “‏תּוּר‎,” Strong’s Talking Greek and Hebrew Dictionary (WORDsearch, 2020).

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