Warn, Warning as defined by Mounce and BDAG

WARN, WARNING Old Testament Noun: עֵדוּת (ʿēdût), GK 6343 (S 5715), 61×. ʿēdût, usually translated “testimony,” is closely connected to God’s law. In the Pentateuch, this noun describes the two tablets containing the Ten Commandments. Generally, outside the Pentateuch ʿēdût is a more generic reference to law (1 Ki. 2:3; 2 Ki. 23:3; 1 Chr. 29:19), perhaps with the physical tablets of the Ten Commandments in the background. In this sense, the plural of ʿēdût may be translated “requirements, warnings, regulations, or decrees.” See testimony. New Testament Verb: διαμαρτύρομαι (diamartyromai), GK 1371 (S 1263), 15×. This is an intensified compound of the verb martyreō (“to testify”). It means “to testify, warn” in the case of important matters and situations of extreme danger. See testify. Verb: διαστέλλω (diastellō) GK 1403 (S 1291), 7×. diastellō means “to command with authority” (see command, commandment). But it can also mean “to warn,” as when Jesus warns his disciples against the yeast of the Pharisees (Mk. 8:15). Verb: νουθετέω (noutheteō), GK 3805 (S 3560), 8×. noutheteō means “to warn.” As Paul makes plain in his farewell speech to the elders of Ephesus, one important aspect of his ministry was to “warn” believers of the dangers of heresy and of falling away from the faith (Acts 20:31). He himself had to warn the Corinthians (1 Cor. 4:14) and the Thessalonians (2 Thess. 3:15; cf. 1 Thess. 5:14) of this danger. noutheteō also means “to admonish” (see admonish). Verb: προλέγω (prolegō), GK 4625 (S 4302, 4277, 4280), 15×. prolegō refers to saying something in advance of an event. It sometimes has the nuance of “to warn.” See say before.

William D. Mounce, Mounce’s Complete Expository Dictionary of Old & New Testament Words (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2006), 774–775.

διαμαρτύρομαι fut. διαμαρτυροῦμαι (Just., D. 22, 8 [Ps. 49:7]); 1 aor. διεμαρτυράμην (since X., Pla. et al.; pap, LXX; TestZeb 7:1) gener. to state something in such a way that the auditor is to be impressed with its seriousness.

① to make a solemn declaration about the truth of someth. testify of, bear witness to (orig. under oath) (X., Hell. 3, 2, 13) τινί τι (Ezk 16:2 διαμάρτυραι τῇ Ἰερουσαλὴμ τὰς ἀνομίας αὐτῆς.—En 104:11 διαμαρτυρέομαί τινί τι; cp. Jos., Ant. 9, 167) of repentance to Judeans and Hellenes Ac 20:21. τὶ the gospel vs. 24; God’s kingdom 28:23; my cause in Jerusalem 23:11. Abs. 8:25; 1 Th 4:6. W. λέγων foll. Ac 20:23; Hb 2:6. W. ὅτι foll. (PSI 422, 7 [III B.C.]) Ac 10:42. W. acc. and inf. foll. Ac 18:5.

② to exhort with authority in matters of extraordinary importance, freq. w. ref. to higher powers and/or suggestion of peril, solemnly urge, exhort, warn (X., Cyr. 7, 1, 17; Polyb. 3, 110, 4; Diod S 18, 62, 2; Plut., Cim. 489 [16, 9]; Jos., Ant. 6, 39 al.; Ex 19:10, 21; 1 Km 8:9; 2 Ch 24:19 al.) w. dat. of pers. addressed warn δ. αὐτοῖς Lk 16:28 (w. ἵνα μή foll.). W. ἐνώπιον τ. θεοῦ charge 1 Ti 5:21 (ἵνα); 2 Ti 2:14 (μή w. inf. as Polyb. 1, 33, 5; Plut., Crass. 533 [16, 6]). Abs. Ac 2:40. W. two constr. mixed: δ. ἐνώπιον θεοῦ καὶ Ἰ. Χ. καὶ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν αὐτοῦ I charge you before God and J. Chr., and by his appearing 2 Ti 4:1. διαμαρτυρομένου ταῦτα Παύλου while Paul was earnestly entreating (God) for this (release from his bonds) AcPl Ha 3, 12 (cp. X., Cyr. 7, 1, 9).—DMacDowell, The Law in Classical Athens, ’78, 212–19.—DELG s.v. μάρτυς. M-M. TW.

fut. fut. = future

Just. Just(in) , II A.D.—List 5

Ps. Ps. = pseudo, pseudonymous

aor. aor. = aorist

X. X. = Xenophon, V–IV B.C.—List 5

Pla Pla , V–IV B.C.; s. also Ps.-Plato—List 5

et al. et al. = et alii (and others)

pap pap = papyrus, -yri 

LXX LXX = Septuaginta, ed. ARahlfs, unless otherwise specified—Lists 2, beg.

TestZeb TestZeb = Testament of Zebulon, s. Test12Patr—List 2

gener. gener. = generally

someth. someth. = something

orig. orig. = original(ly)

X. X. = Xenophon, V–IV B.C.—List 5

En En = I Enoch—List 2  

cp. cp. = compare, freq. in ref. to citation fr. ancient texts

Jos. Jos. = Josephus. This abbr. used when follow by title; I A.D.—Lists 5

foll. foll. = followed, following

foll. foll. = followed, following

PSI PSI = Papiri greci e latini: Pubblicazioni della Società Italiana—List 4

acc. acc. = accusative

inf. inf. = infinitive

foll. foll. = followed, following

freq. freq. = frequent(ly)

w. w. = with

ref. ref. = reference(s)

X. X. = Xenophon, V–IV B.C.—List 5

Polyb Polyb , III–II B.C.—List 5

Diod S Diod S , I B.C.—List 5

Plut Plut , I–II A.D.—List 5

Jos. Jos. = Josephus. This abbr. used when follow by title; I A.D.—Lists 5

al. al. =alibi (elsewhere), aliter (otherwise), alii (others)

al. al. =alibi (elsewhere), aliter (otherwise), alii (others)

w. w. = with

dat. dat. = dative

pers. pers. = person(s)

w. w. = with

foll. foll. = followed, following

w. w. = with

inf. inf. = infinitive

Polyb Polyb , III–II B.C.—List 5

Plut Plut , I–II A.D.—List 5

constr. constr. = construction

AcPl Ha AcPl Ha = Acts of Paul, PHamb—List 1

cp. cp. = compare, freq. in ref. to citation fr. ancient texts

X. X. = Xenophon, V–IV B.C.—List 5

DELG DELG = PChantraine, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque—List 6

s.v. s.v. = sub voce (under the word, look up the word)

M-M M-M = JMoulton/GMilligan, Vocabulary of Greek Testament—Lists 4, 6

TW TW = Theologisches Wörterbuch zum NT; tr. GBromiley, Theological Dictionary of the NT—List 6

William Arndt et al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 233. διαμαρτύρομαι 

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